【谷騰環保網訊】在“雙(shuang)碳”目標與(yu)鄉村(cun)振興政策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雙(shuang)重(zhong)賦能(neng)下，新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)汽(qi)車(che)(che)產業正加速向縣(xian)(xian)鄉市場(chang)縱深推進，縣(xian)(xian)鄉農(nong)村(cun)“下沉市場(chang)”正成為備受矚目的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)增長極。然而，我國(guo)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)汽(qi)車(che)(che)向縣(xian)(xian)鄉市場(chang)滲透的(de)(de)(de)(de)進程中，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)基(ji)(ji)礎設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)滯后問(wen)題日益凸顯。截至今(jin)年(nian)3月底(di)，全國(guo)縣(xian)(xian)域(yu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)覆蓋率為97.31％，鄉鎮覆蓋率僅(jin)為76.91％，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁數量(liang)僅(jin)占全國(guo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)總數的(de)(de)(de)(de)15％，且由于縣(xian)(xian)鄉充(chong)(chong)電(dian)基(ji)(ji)礎設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)存(cun)在布(bu)局(ju)失衡(heng)、運維薄弱、成本(ben)高(gao)企等短板，部分區域(yu)“有樁難用”和(he)偏(pian)遠鄉村(cun)“無樁可用”現象并存(cun)，直(zhi)接限制了新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出行范圍，制約(yue)了農(nong)村(cun)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)汽(qi)車(che)(che)消(xiao)費(fei)潛(qian)力釋放。據(ju)統計，2024年(nian)農(nong)村(cun)戶(hu)籍人口新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)汽(qi)車(che)(che)保有量(liang)僅(jin)占全國(guo)37.8％，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)便(bian)利性不足已(yi)成為阻(zu)礙購車(che)(che)決(jue)策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)首要因素。因此，亟須從規(gui)劃布(bu)局(ju)、機制創新(xin)(xin)、資金保障、質量(liang)監(jian)管等方(fang)面(mian)推動縣(xian)(xian)鄉充(chong)(chong)換電(dian)基(ji)(ji)礎設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)，進一步完善充(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)網絡，釋放縣(xian)(xian)鄉新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)汽(qi)車(che)(che)消(xiao)費(fei)潛(qian)力。

需求錯配、成本高企與運營短板交織制約縣鄉充電設施發展

一是設施布局與需求錯配。與城市相比，縣(xian)鄉(xiang)地區(qu)(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)保有量(liang)(liang)及交通(tong)流量(liang)(liang)相對(dui)較小，用(yong)戶充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)需求(qiu)(qiu)分散且規律性(xing)(xing)弱，難以形成穩定的(de)(de)使用(yong)高峰，無法(fa)按照實際需求(qiu)(qiu)實現(xian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)絡的(de)(de)最優(you)布局。部(bu)分縣(xian)鄉(xiang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設施建(jian)設缺乏科(ke)學性(xing)(xing)規劃，未(wei)與農(nong)村產業布局、人口分布、交通(tong)流量(liang)(liang)動(dong)態匹配，存在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)數(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)不(bu)足且布局不(bu)合理問題，如(ru)縣(xian)域充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)多(duo)集(ji)中(zhong)于城區(qu)(qu)核(he)心地區(qu)(qu)，鄉(xiang)鎮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)過度集(ji)中(zhong)于政府(fu)機關、加油站等(deng)示范性(xing)(xing)場景(jing)，而農(nong)村居(ju)民(min)聚居(ju)區(qu)(qu)、物流樞(shu)紐、旅游景(jing)區(qu)(qu)等(deng)實際需求(qiu)(qiu)區(qu)(qu)域覆蓋率不(bu)足。同(tong)時，部(bu)分地方政府(fu)為完成考核(he)指標盲(mang)目追求(qiu)(qiu)“數(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)達(da)標”，忽視使用(yong)效率，形成“建(jian)而不(bu)用(yong)”的(de)(de)偽落(luo)實困境。

二是建設投資大、盈利能力差。縣(xian)鄉充(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)(she)施配電(dian)擴容成本(ben)較(jiao)城市(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)30％—50％，且農(nong)村(cun)地(di)區電(dian)網(wang)承載能(neng)力有限，疊加土地(di)協調(diao)難度大、審批流程長等因素，導(dao)致初始投資(zi)(zi)回收期普遍超過(guo)(guo)8年，社會資(zi)(zi)本(ben)參與(yu)意愿低。盡(jin)管(guan)部(bu)分(fen)地(di)區對(dui)縣(xian)鄉充(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)(she)施建設(she)(she)給(gei)(gei)予(yu)額(e)外資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)補貼(tie)（如重慶市(shi)對(dui)中心城區外建設(she)(she)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)(she)施給(gei)(gei)予(yu)50元/kW的(de)額(e)外補貼(tie)），但(dan)偏(pian)遠地(di)區仍難吸引(yin)投資(zi)(zi)。此外，金(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)機構對(dui)農(nong)村(cun)地(di)區充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁建設(she)(she)項目風險評估過(guo)(guo)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)租賃(lin)雖能(neng)緩解(jie)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)壓(ya)力，但(dan)融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)成本(ben)普遍較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，進一步加劇了投資(zi)(zi)難度。

三是運營效率與服務能力低下。受利用(yong)率低、盈利不足影響，充(chong)電運(yun)營企業在(zai)(zai)縣鄉(xiang)(xiang)區域(yu)投入的(de)運(yun)維資源(yuan)相對匱乏(fa)，充(chong)換(huan)電設施(shi)普遍存在(zai)(zai)功率低、設備(bei)老(lao)舊、故(gu)障率高(gao)、維修(xiu)響應時(shi)(shi)間長(chang)等問題，導致新能源(yuan)汽車用(yong)戶面臨充(chong)電時(shi)(shi)間過(guo)長(chang)、設備(bei)故(gu)障頻繁等困擾。數據顯示，全國縣域(yu)公(gong)共充(chong)電樁故(gu)障率普遍在(zai)(zai)5％—15％之間，部分縣鄉(xiang)(xiang)站點(dian)故(gu)障率高(gao)達90％，且故(gu)障樁平均(jun)維修(xiu)時(shi)(shi)間達48小時(shi)(shi)，為城市(shi)地區的(de)兩倍，充(chong)電生(sheng)態亟待完(wan)善。

五維一體系統推進縣鄉充換電網絡建設

針對上述問(wen)題(ti)，建議以“補短(duan)板、提效(xiao)率、強服務”為核心，從規劃布局、機制創新、資金保障(zhang)、激勵措施、價格引導(dao)五(wu)方面(mian)綜合(he)施策。

第一，優化規劃布局，構建精準適配的設施網絡體系。在頂層設(she)(she)計層面(mian)，由地方(fang)發改、能源(yuan)(yuan)、交通(tong)、農業(ye)農村(cun)等(deng)部門聯(lian)合制(zhi)定區(qu)(qu)域充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)網絡(luo)專(zhuan)項(xiang)規劃，建(jian)(jian)立(li)“縣(xian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求—市級(ji)匹(pi)配(pei)—省級(ji)統籌”的三級(ji)協同聯(lian)動機制(zhi)，統籌整合鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)振興、新能源(yuan)(yuan)汽車下鄉(xiang)(xiang)等(deng)政策資(zi)金使用。在建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)布(bu)局(ju)規劃層面(mian)，依(yi)托電(dian)網負(fu)荷數據(ju)、新能源(yuan)(yuan)汽車保(bao)有量及鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)振興規劃，繪制(zhi)縣(xian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求熱力圖(tu)，優先在居民聚居區(qu)(qu)、物流集散地、旅游景區(qu)(qu)等(deng)重點區(qu)(qu)域布(bu)局(ju)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)(she)施，推(tui)(tui)動縣(xian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)(she)施接入(ru)省級(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)(she)施監管服務平臺，實現充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求與(yu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的動態匹(pi)配(pei)。在應用場景融合層面(mian)，結合縣(xian)域特色產(chan)(chan)業(ye)布(bu)局(ju)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)網絡(luo)，如圍(wei)繞農產(chan)(chan)品生產(chan)(chan)及批發運輸需(xu)(xu)(xu)求建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)“充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)＋冷鏈”一體化站點，依(yi)托風光綠電(dian)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)推(tui)(tui)動“充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁＋光伏電(dian)站”一體化項(xiang)目，針對旅游資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)專(zhuan)線配(pei)套(tao)“快充(chong)(chong)(chong)＋換(huan)電(dian)”設(she)(she)施，促(cu)進充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)網絡(luo)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)與(yu)地方(fang)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)發展需(xu)(xu)(xu)求深度融合。

第二，創新發展機制，破解建設運營難題。在建設(she)(she)(she)運(yun)營(ying)機(ji)制層(ceng)面，推行“政府(fu)＋企(qi)業＋村(cun)(cun)集體(ti)”共建模(mo)(mo)式，由政府(fu)負責建設(she)(she)(she)引(yin)導(dao)與(yu)土(tu)地(di)審(shen)批，運(yun)營(ying)企(qi)業聯合電力公司(si)通過“充(chong)電樁＋儲能(neng)設(she)(she)(she)備”解決區域電網(wang)承載問(wen)題，村(cun)(cun)鎮集體(ti)提供閑置場地(di)并參與(yu)收益分成，推動“一(yi)鎮一(yi)樞紐、一(yi)村(cun)(cun)一(yi)節點”模(mo)(mo)式推廣。在考(kao)核制度層(ceng)面，將充(chong)電設(she)(she)(she)施建設(she)(she)(she)納入鄉村(cun)(cun)振興(xing)考(kao)核體(ti)系，將充(chong)電基(ji)礎設(she)(she)(she)施建設(she)(she)(she)數量、利用率(lv)、用戶反饋意見等指標(biao)與(yu)地(di)方(fang)政府(fu)政績掛鉤，倒逼地(di)方(fang)政府(fu)重(zhong)視充(chong)電設(she)(she)(she)施規劃布局與(yu)長效運(yun)營(ying)，并對于長期充(chong)電設(she)(she)(she)施利用率(lv)較(jiao)低的縣鄉實施問(wen)責機(ji)制。

第三，強化資金保障，搭建多元投入支持體系。在資(zi)金(jin)保障層(ceng)面，建(jian)議發行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)設施(shi)建(jian)設專(zhuan)項(xiang)長期國(guo)債，重點傾斜偏遠落后地區充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)設施(shi)建(jian)設，通過“中央補貼＋地方(fang)配套＋社會(hui)資(zi)本(ben)”多元投(tou)入機(ji)制，緩解建(jian)設資(zi)金(jin)壓力。在金(jin)融工具層(ceng)面，探索充(chong)(chong)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設施(shi)項(xiang)目收益權質押融資(zi)，引入保險(xian)機(ji)構(gou)開發運營(ying)保險(xian)，降低社會(hui)資(zi)本(ben)風險(xian)顧慮。在獎(jiang)補措施(shi)層(ceng)面，對充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設施(shi)利用率較高的(de)縣鄉，按(an)年度總充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量給予(yu)額(e)外的(de)運營(ying)補貼，對“光儲(chu)充(chong)(chong)”一體(ti)化項(xiang)目按(an)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量給予(yu)補貼，激發市場(chang)主(zhu)體(ti)參與積(ji)極性。

第四，健全激勵措施，完善試點縣鄉評估與退出機制。進一步(bu)擴大“縣鄉地(di)區充(chong)電(dian)基礎設(she)施建設(she)應用推(tui)廣活(huo)動”和“縣域充(chong)換電(dian)設(she)施補(bu)短板(ban)試(shi)點”覆蓋范(fan)(fan)圍，完善試(shi)點運(yun)營動態評估(gu)(gu)與(yu)獎勵(li)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。在激勵(li)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)方面，量(liang)化(hua)評估(gu)(gu)指標(biao)，建立“優(you)秀激勵(li)、合(he)格整改、不合(he)格退(tui)出(chu)(chu)”的競爭機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，樹立“充(chong)電(dian)服務優(you)秀示(shi)范(fan)(fan)縣鄉”標(biao)桿，并(bing)享受(shou)充(chong)電(dian)運(yun)營企業所得稅減免(mian)、充(chong)電(dian)設(she)施建設(she)用地(di)出(chu)(chu)讓金減免(mian)、建設(she)審批“容(rong)缺后補(bu)”等優(you)惠政策。在退(tui)出(chu)(chu)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)層面，對于(yu)連續兩(liang)年評估(gu)(gu)不合(he)格、存在重大隱患并(bing)未按期(qi)整改的縣鄉，納入強制(zhi)(zhi)退(tui)出(chu)(chu)范(fan)(fan)疇(chou)，按比例(li)收回相關獎勵(li)資金，并(bing)同步(bu)終止優(you)惠政策。

第(di)五，加強(qiang)(qiang)價(jia)格(ge)引(yin)導，構建惠民(min)利企(qi)成本調節機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。鼓勵(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)業加強(qiang)(qiang)縣(xian)鄉(xiang)公共配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)施(shi)改(gai)(gai)造，出臺電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)優惠政策，降低(di)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本。在配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)備層(ceng)面，支(zhi)持當地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力企(qi)業加快縣(xian)鄉(xiang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)施(shi)直(zhi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)改(gai)(gai)造，杜絕轉(zhuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加價(jia)行(xing)為。在容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)層(ceng)面，對實行(xing)兩部(bu)制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)的集中式充(chong)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)施(shi)，實施(shi)容(rong)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)的階段(duan)性優惠或減(jian)免政策，降低(di)運營(ying)企(qi)業固定(ding)成本。在峰谷(gu)(gu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)層(ceng)面，科(ke)學劃分峰谷(gu)(gu)時(shi)段(duan)，擴大峰谷(gu)(gu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)差值，通過價(jia)格(ge)信(xin)號引(yin)導用戶在低(di)谷(gu)(gu)時(shi)段(duan)集中充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，優化充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷(he)曲線，減(jian)少電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)冗余投資。在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)服(fu)務費層(ceng)面，推動建立縣(xian)鄉(xiang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)服(fu)務費政府指導價(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，由省(sheng)級價(jia)格(ge)主管部(bu)門(men)結合(he)當地居民(min)可(ke)支(zhi)配(pei)(pei)收入水平，設(she)(she)定(ding)服(fu)務費上限標準。

協同推(tui)進上述(shu)措施，既能破(po)解縣鄉充電設施建(jian)設的(de)資金和政策瓶(ping)頸(jing)，又能通過市(shi)場化機制提升運(yun)營效(xiao)率(lv)，以安全可靠、便(bian)捷經濟的(de)服務(wu)網絡(luo)支撐新(xin)能源汽車下鄉，激(ji)活(huo)下沉市(shi)場消費潛力，助力鄉村振(zhen)興與“雙碳”目標(biao)的(de)實現(xian)。

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