【谷騰環保網訊】2019年(nian)，生態環(huan)(huan)(huan)境部(bu)、農(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)村部(bu)等國家十部(bu)委聯合發(fa)布《關于加快推(tui)進水產(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)綠色發(fa)展(zhan)的若干意見》，明確支持工(gong)廠化(hua)循環(huan)(huan)(huan)水養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)新技術(shu)、新裝(zhuang)備發(fa)展(zhan)。2023年(nian)，全國海水、淡水工(gong)廠化(hua)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)產(chan)量分別達到44.46萬噸、50.17萬噸，較5年(nian)前增(zeng)(zeng)長74.13%、135.03%，增(zeng)(zeng)速顯著。相比池塘養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，工(gong)廠化(hua)循環(huan)(huan)(huan)水養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具備節水省地、養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境可(ke)控、高度自動化(hua)、單(dan)產(chan)高和尾水集中(zhong)處理(li)等優點(dian)，可(ke)實現“全季(ji)節”“反(fan)地域(yu)(yu)”生產(chan)。該技術(shu)依賴產(chan)業(ye)(ye)政策支撐，需要優質(zhi)水源作(zuo)保障，裝(zhuang)備制造(zao)、能源供應(ying)、養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技術(shu)和市場環(huan)(huan)(huan)境等發(fa)展(zhan)要素缺一不可(ke)，其中(zhong)對(dui)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水質(zhi)的長效調控至(zhi)關重要。為提升這一領(ling)域(yu)(yu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境管理(li)能力，筆者建議(yi)如下(xia)：

一是嚴格落實建設項目環境影響評價。建(jian)(jian)(jian)設工(gong)廠化循(xun)環水(shui)(shui)養殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)通常需要硬化地(di)面、埋設管道，土(tu)地(di)性質應(ying)(ying)為建(jian)(jian)(jian)設用(yong)地(di)或(huo)農業設施用(yong)地(di)。根據(ju)《建(jian)(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)目(mu)環境(jing)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評價分類管理(li)名(ming)錄(lu)》（2021年版）規(gui)定，用(yong)海面積1000畝以下100畝及以上的工(gong)廠化養殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)項(xiang)目(mu)和(he)涉及環境(jing)敏感區(qu)的海水(shui)(shui)、淡水(shui)(shui)養殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)項(xiang)目(mu)應(ying)(ying)編制《建(jian)(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)目(mu)環境(jing)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)報告表》，須報生態環境(jing)部門(men)審批(pi)，其(qi)他項(xiang)目(mu)應(ying)(ying)在(zai)“建(jian)(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)目(mu)環境(jing)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)登記(ji)表備案(an)系(xi)統(tong)”備案(an)。養殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企業可(ke)(ke)結合當(dang)地(di)產業政(zheng)策、所(suo)處區(qu)位、土(tu)地(di)性質和(he)發展規(gui)模(mo)等因素，在(zai)項(xiang)目(mu)開工(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設前，提交環評審批(pi)或(huo)備案(an)，審批(pi)通過或(huo)完成(cheng)備案(an)方可(ke)(ke)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設，避免“未(wei)批(pi)先建(jian)(jian)(jian)”“邊批(pi)邊建(jian)(jian)(jian)”。配套建(jian)(jian)(jian)設的養殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尾水(shui)(shui)處理(li)設施設備經驗收(shou)合格(ge)方可(ke)(ke)投產使用(yong)。養殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企業可(ke)(ke)以通過申辦《水(shui)(shui)域灘涂養殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)許可(ke)(ke)證》，保障自身權益。

二是踐行和完善養殖企業合法合規取水用水。工廠(chang)化(hua)循(xun)環水(shui)(shui)養殖(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)來(lai)源于海(hai)洋、湖泊、水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)、河道和地下水(shui)(shui)，優質(zhi)、穩定(ding)的(de)水(shui)(shui)源至關(guan)重要。根據《中(zhong)華(hua)人民共和國(guo)水(shui)(shui)法(fa)》《取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)許(xu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)和水(shui)(shui)資源費征收管理條例》《取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)許(xu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)管理辦法(fa)》規定(ding)，取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)資源的(de)單位和個(ge)人應(ying)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)得《取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)許(xu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)證》，明確(que)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)許(xu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)量(liang)、用(yong)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)以及(ji)退(tui)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)，繳(jiao)納水(shui)(shui)資源費。不(bu)同省(sheng)份對水(shui)(shui)產養殖(zhi)(zhi)活(huo)動(dong)的(de)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)許(xu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)規定(ding)不(bu)同。養殖(zhi)(zhi)企業應(ying)根據所在地取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)規定(ding)辦理取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)手續(xu)，切實采取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)措(cuo)施降(jiang)低取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)。一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，通(tong)過合理設置養殖(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)度，提高飼(si)料(liao)營(ying)養水(shui)(shui)平(ping)，優化(hua)投(tou)餌技術(shu)，提升飼(si)料(liao)利用(yong)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)，減少飼(si)料(liao)浪費和糞污內源性發(fa)(fa)生。另一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，通(tong)過運用(yong)固(gu)液與泡沫分離、生物過濾(lv)、臭氧及(ji)紫外輻射(she)消(xiao)毒、脫(tuo)氣增氧等水(shui)(shui)處理技術(shu)，發(fa)(fa)揮循(xun)環水(shui)(shui)處理設施設備效(xiao)能，提高用(yong)水(shui)(shui)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)。

三是切實強化養殖尾水的達標排放。工(gong)廠(chang)化循環(huan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)產污主要(yao)涉及(ji)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)池準備階(jie)段的消毒沖(chong)洗、養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)程投餌(er)和(he)捕(bu)撈(lao)后養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)池清洗三個環(huan)節，其(qi)中捕(bu)撈(lao)后養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)沖(chong)洗環(huan)節排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)比例最高，主要(yao)污染物(wu)為懸浮物(wu)、化學需氧(yang)量、總磷和(he)總氮。對于新建項(xiang)目(mu)，應(ying)特(te)別(bie)關注諸如生態溝渠(qu)、人(ren)工(gong)濕地等養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尾水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)配套處理設施的使用(yong)(yong)(yong)頻率和(he)實(shi)際應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)效果，避免(mian)驗收合格(ge)、應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)失靈的現(xian)象(xiang)。沿海(hai)地區工(gong)廠(chang)化循環(huan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)魚(yu)(yu)（鲆鰈魚(yu)(yu)類）、養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)蝦(xia)（南美白對蝦(xia)、斑節對蝦(xia)）、海(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)動(dong)物(wu)育苗項(xiang)目(mu)，涉及(ji)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)地下海(hai)（咸）水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的，應(ying)同時關注鹽類物(wu)質的排放控(kong)制，避免(mian)造(zao)成項(xiang)目(mu)周邊(bian)土地的鹽堿化。對于內陸省份出(chu)現(xian)的“海(hai)鮮陸養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)”，需要(yao)模擬海(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)境，也應(ying)關注鹽類物(wu)質排放。利用(yong)(yong)(yong)地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)開(kai)展淡水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的，應(ying)特(te)別(bie)關注排污口設置是(shi)否(fou)規(gui)范(fan)，重(zhong)點監測排放頻率和(he)排放量。此外，對養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尾水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中可能(neng)存(cun)在的漁藥(yao)和(he)重(zhong)金屬殘留，應(ying)從源(yuan)頭把控(kong)，厘清漁藥(yao)來源(yuan)、明確成分(fen)、核實(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)途、規(gui)范(fan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量，杜(du)絕禁用(yong)(yong)(yong)漁藥(yao)，避免(mian)過(guo)度用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)。

四是穩步推進涉水設施設備運行的自動在線監測。對于工廠(chang)化循(xun)(xun)環(huan)水(shui)(shui)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)產(chan)業(ye)規(gui)模(mo)大、發展(zhan)速度快的(de)地區，生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境管(guan)理(li)部門可以聯合(he)水(shui)(shui)利、農業(ye)（漁業(ye)）管(guan)理(li)部門定期監督(du)檢查(cha)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)企業(ye)取水(shui)(shui)、循(xun)(xun)環(huan)水(shui)(shui)和尾水(shui)(shui)處理(li)設施設備的(de)運行(xing)情況，協同推(tui)進(jin)自動在線監測技(ji)術和裝(zhuang)備的(de)開發，杜絕名義上是(shi)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)水(shui)(shui)、實際需(xu)要大量(liang)取水(shui)(shui)排水(shui)(shui)的(de)現(xian)象發生(sheng)，構建非(fei)現(xian)場監管(guan)工作(zuo)模(mo)式，建立長效動態(tai)監管(guan)機制，促進(jin)工廠(chang)化循(xun)(xun)環(huan)水(shui)(shui)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)產(chan)業(ye)的(de)可持續(xu)發展(zhan)。

作者單位(wei)：生態環境部南京環境科學研究所

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