[摘要(yao)]中國(guo)在環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)污(wu)染物的(de)治理(li)(li)方面取(qu)得了一定(ding)進展，但是由(you)于環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)污(wu)染的(de)多樣性、復(fu)雜性、潛在危險性和治理(li)(li)長(chang)期性等(deng)特點(dian)，應借鑒(jian)國(guo)外(wai)在環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)方面的(de)先進經驗(yan)，盡快加(jia)強(qiang)我(wo)國(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)的(de)建(jian)設。以民眾(zhong)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)為核(he)心(xin)目(mu)標，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)法(fa)，確立(li)完善的(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；建(jian)立(li)完善監管(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)全國(guo)家和地(di)方各(ge)級(ji)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)部(bu)門(men)的(de)協調機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；建(jian)立(li)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)全過(guo)程控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；構建(jian)以環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)風險評估為核(he)心(xin)的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度體(ti)(ti)系(xi)；構建(jian)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)損害賠(pei)償制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度；加(jia)強(qiang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)的(de)科學研(yan)究，增強(qiang)國(guo)際合作(zuo)交流。  

[關鍵詞]環(huan)境健康；管(guan)理體系(xi)；經驗借(jie)鑒  

隨(sui)著社會經濟的(de)(de)飛(fei)速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和(he)人(ren)(ren)民生活質量的(de)(de)持(chi)續提(ti)升，環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)健康(kang)問(wen)題受到全球各國的(de)(de)高(gao)度(du)關(guan)注。嚴重的(de)(de)生態環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)問(wen)題給人(ren)(ren)民群眾帶(dai)來了極大(da)的(de)(de)健康(kang)危害(hai)。據世界衛生組織統計，在全球范圍內,24%的(de)(de)疾病負擔和(he)23%的(de)(de)死亡(wang)可歸因(yin)于環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)因(yin)素;從(cong)區域差異來看，發(fa)(fa)達(da)國家(jia)只有17%的(de)(de)死亡(wang)可歸因(yin)于環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)因(yin)素，而(er)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)中國家(jia)則可達(da)25%。[1]具體而(er)言，環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)健康(kang)是(shi)指研究自然(ran)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)和(he)生活環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)與人(ren)(ren)群健康(kang)的(de)(de)關(guan)系，揭(jie)示(shi)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)因(yin)素對人(ren)(ren)群健康(kang)影響的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)生、發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)規律，為充分利用環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)有益因(yin)素和(he)控制環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)有害(hai)因(yin)素提(ti)出衛生要求和(he)預防(fang)對策(ce)，增進人(ren)(ren)體健康(kang)，提(ti)高(gao)整體人(ren)(ren)群健康(kang)水(shui)平的(de)(de)科學。  

目前，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)態(tai)與(yu)(yu)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)狀況堪憂，破壞嚴重(zhong)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)已成(cheng)為世(shi)界上第一(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)SO2和(he)(he)CO2排放國(guo)(guo)(guo)，土地沙漠化不斷(duan)擴展(zhan)，垃圾圍(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)象(xiang)普遍，大(da)(da)氣和(he)(he)水(shui)污染(ran)問(wen)題嚴重(zhong)，水(shui)土流失難以遏制(zhi)，耕地資源(yuan)和(he)(he)生(sheng)物多樣性(xing)減少，森林(lin)資源(yuan)供不應求，同時(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)也是世(shi)界三大(da)(da)酸(suan)雨(yu)區之一(yi)(yi)和(he)(he)世(shi)界21個貧水(shui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之一(yi)(yi)。盡管中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)已經在環(huan)境(jing)(jing)污染(ran)物的(de)(de)治理方面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)取得了一(yi)(yi)定進展(zhan)，但(dan)是與(yu)(yu)發達國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)相比，在管理體制(zhi)、法(fa)律法(fa)規、標準建設和(he)(he)技術(shu)支撐等(deng)方面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)還存在較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)差距(ju)，而且由于(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)臨(lin)的(de)(de)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)問(wen)題是在短期內集(ji)中(zhong)體現(xian)和(he)(he)爆發的(de)(de)，環(huan)境(jing)(jing)污染(ran)問(wen)題表現(xian)出顯著的(de)(de)多樣性(xing)、系(xi)統性(xing)、復雜性(xing)、潛在危(wei)(wei)險性(xing)和(he)(he)治理長期性(xing)等(deng)特點，現(xian)有(you)的(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)工作很難解決目前凸顯的(de)(de)問(wen)題。特別是在未來全(quan)球變暖的(de)(de)大(da)(da)背景(jing)下，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)還將同時(shi)(shi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)臨(lin)快速(su)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮化、能源(yuan)匱乏、資源(yuan)短缺(que)、水(shui)資源(yuan)危(wei)(wei)機、糧食安全(quan)及環(huan)境(jing)(jing)質量進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)惡(e)化等(deng)諸多挑戰，這也會(hui)進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)加劇(ju)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)風險，嚴重(zhong)影響(xiang)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)生(sheng)態(tai)文明建設和(he)(he)小康(kang)(kang)社會(hui)目標的(de)(de)實現(xian)。因此，借鑒國(guo)(guo)(guo)外(wai)在環(huan)境(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)方面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)先進經驗，對(dui)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)應對(dui)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)問(wen)題具(ju)有(you)非常重(zhong)要的(de)(de)意義。  

一、中國環境污染與健康現狀(zhuang)  

（一(yi)）環境污染的健康(kang)效應  

1.空氣污(wu)染(ran)的健康效(xiao)應(ying)  

空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)污(wu)染的(de)主要來源(yuan)包括效率(lv)低下的(de)運輸方式，家(jia)用燃料和廢物焚燒，燃煤電廠和工業活動等(deng)。中(zhong)國大氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)污(wu)染嚴(yan)重，而且對人(ren)體健(jian)康(kang)造成了極大的(de)影響(xiang)(xiang)。世界衛(wei)生(sheng)組織于2016年(nian)(nian)9月公布關(guan)于空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)污(wu)染暴露與健(jian)康(kang)影響(xiang)(xiang)的(de)國家(jia)估算顯(xian)示(shi)：2012年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)國由空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)污(wu)染引起的(de)死(si)(si)亡(wang)達到100萬例，其中(zhong)近(jin)45%死(si)(si)于中(zhong)風，25%死(si)(si)于缺血性心臟病，還有22%死(si)(si)于肺(fei)癌。[3]另外(wai)，室(shi)(shi)(shi)內空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)污(wu)染程度比室(shi)(shi)(shi)外(wai)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)污(wu)染要嚴(yan)重得多，對人(ren)體健(jian)康(kang)造成極大的(de)損害，特別是婦(fu)女和兒(er)童。世界衛(wei)生(sheng)組織2014年(nian)(nian)的(de)報告(gao)顯(xian)示(shi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)內空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)污(wu)染每(mei)年(nian)(nian)導(dao)致(zhi)430萬人(ren)死(si)(si)亡(wang),而室(shi)(shi)(shi)外(wai)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)污(wu)染則每(mei)年(nian)(nian)導(dao)致(zhi)全(quan)球370萬人(ren)死(si)(si)亡(wang)。[4]  

2.水環境污(wu)染的(de)健康效應  

水(shui)(shui)環境污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)來源主要包括生(sheng)(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)、工業(ye)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)和農(nong)業(ye)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)。全國5118個(ge)地(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質監(jian)測點中水(shui)(shui)質為優良(liang)級的(de)比(bi)例僅為9.1%，較差和極(ji)差級的(de)比(bi)例為61.3%。[5]水(shui)(shui)體的(de)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)可以通過飲(yin)用、空氣和食物(wu)鏈等多種(zhong)途(tu)徑對人(ren)體的(de)健康產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)極(ji)大(da)的(de)危害(hai)，特(te)別是(shi)地(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)問(wen)題已(yi)成為中國最嚴峻的(de)環境隱患，廣大(da)農(nong)村地(di)區的(de)地(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)已(yi)受污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)，近年各地(di)屢屢曝光的(de)“癌癥村”、很多鄉村集中爆(bao)發的(de)大(da)病怪病，多與土壤與地(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)被毒化(hua)有關。[6]  

3.土壤污(wu)染(ran)的(de)健康效應  

土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)污染是在經(jing)濟社(she)會(hui)發展(zhan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中長期累積形成(cheng)的(de)(de)。全(quan)國土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)污染狀(zhuang)況調查公(gong)報結果(guo)顯(xian)示(shi)：全(quan)國土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)總的(de)(de)點位超標率為16.1%，土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)環(huan)(huan)境狀(zhuang)況總體不容樂觀，部(bu)分地區土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)污染較重(zhong)(zhong)，耕(geng)地土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)環(huan)(huan)境質(zhi)量(liang)堪憂，工(gong)礦業廢棄地土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)環(huan)(huan)境問(wen)題突(tu)出。土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)污染物(wu)主要包括農藥殘留、重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬和放射(she)性物(wu)質(zhi)等，這些污染物(wu)被土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)吸(xi)收后通過(guo)(guo)(guo)食物(wu)鏈(lian)傳導進而對(dui)人體健康產生(sheng)影響。以重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)屬鎘(ge)為例，目前全(quan)國范(fan)圍內土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)的(de)(de)鎘(ge)含量(liang)普遍增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)且污染嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)，在西南地區和沿海地區增(zeng)(zeng)幅超過(guo)(guo)(guo)50%，在華北、東北和西部(bu)地區增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)10%~40%，最終導致稻米(mi)含鎘(ge)含量(liang)超標，嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)危害公(gong)眾(zhong)健康。[7]  

4.氣候變化對(dui)健康的影響  

全球氣(qi)候(hou)變(bian)暖是人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類活動和(he)自然(ran)共同作用的(de)結果。氣(qi)候(hou)變(bian)化不僅影(ying)響大氣(qi)、水、土壤和(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)居環(huan)境(jing)的(de)變(bian)化，而且還會(hui)通過其他(ta)多種途徑對人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)健康產生(sheng)(sheng)損害，比如：氣(qi)候(hou)變(bian)化會(hui)改變(bian)高(gao)溫(wen)熱浪等極(ji)端天氣(qi)事(shi)件(jian)的(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)頻率(lv)和(he)強度、影(ying)響氣(qi)候(hou)敏感性(xing)(xing)傳染病和(he)非傳染性(xing)(xing)疾病的(de)分布(bu)與流行(xing)以及(ji)糧食安全和(he)海平面上升等。根據WHO的(de)估計，在2030年和(he)2050年之間，氣(qi)候(hou)變(bian)化將會(hui)每年導(dao)致250000人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)~38000人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)死于高(gao)溫(wen)，48000人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)死于腹瀉，60000人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)死于瘧疾，95000人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)死于營養(yang)不良。[8]  

（二）經(jing)濟(ji)損失巨(ju)大(da)，環境成本加劇  

嚴(yan)重的(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)對中(zhong)國(guo)造成巨大的(de)經濟損(sun)失。2007年(nian)，世界銀(yin)行的(de)數據顯(xian)示中(zhong)國(guo)每年(nian)因環(huan)(huan)境(jing)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)導致的(de)經濟損(sun)失達(da)6000億(yi)至18000億(yi)人(ren)民幣，占GDP的(de)5.8%，其中(zhong)醫療衛生費(fei)用(yong)(yong)占GDP的(de)3.8%。環(huan)(huan)境(jing)經濟的(de)可持續(xu)發(fa)展壓(ya)力巨大，中(zhong)國(guo)環(huan)(huan)保(bao)部(bu)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)規劃院研(yan)究(jiu)表明：2010年(nian)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)所帶(dai)來的(de)損(sun)失達(da)11000億(yi)元，占當年(nian)GDP的(de)3.5％（除去醫療衛生費(fei)用(yong)(yong)）。[9]  

（三）中國環境健康(kang)治理現狀及(ji)存在的問(wen)題  

中(zhong)(zhong)國環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)問題(ti)(ti)研(yan)究始于20世紀。近年來，由(you)于中(zhong)(zhong)國環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)問題(ti)(ti)嚴重性日益體(ti)現(xian)，政(zheng)府也相繼頒布(bu)和(he)修訂(ding)了(le)《中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)人民共和(he)國環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》《大(da)(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)噪聲污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》《海洋環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)影響(xiang)評(ping)價法(fa)(fa)(fa)》《水(shui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》等一系(xi)列法(fa)(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)，編(bian)制(zhi)并實(shi)施(shi)了(le)《水(shui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)行(xing)(xing)動計(ji)劃(hua)》《大(da)(da)氣污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)行(xing)(xing)動計(ji)劃(hua)》《土(tu)壤污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)行(xing)(xing)動計(ji)劃(hua)》《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)行(xing)(xing)動計(ji)劃(hua)》等，制(zhi)修訂(ding)了(le)水(shui)、土(tu)壤、大(da)(da)氣等環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)質量標(biao)準。相關部(bu)門(men)(men)也制(zhi)定了(le)《衛(wei)生(sheng)部(bu)、國家環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)保(bao)總局環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)工(gong)作(zuo)協作(zuo)機(ji)制(zhi)（2006）》《國家環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)行(xing)(xing)動計(ji)劃(hua)（2007—2015）》《國家環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)“十二五”環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)工(gong)作(zuo)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)》，《重金屬污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)綜(zong)合防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)“十二五”規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)》等專(zhuan)門(men)(men)針(zhen)對(dui)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)。特(te)別(bie)是(shi)新(xin)修訂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第39條(tiao)明確規(gui)(gui)(gui)定：“國家建(jian)立健(jian)全環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)監測(ce)、調查和(he)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)評(ping)估制(zhi)度；鼓勵和(he)組織開展(zhan)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)質量對(dui)公眾(zhong)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)影響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究，采(cai)取(qu)(qu)措施(shi)預防(fang)(fang)和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)有(you)(you)關的(de)(de)(de)疾病。”該規(gui)(gui)(gui)定初(chu)步體(ti)現(xian)了(le)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)優先、風(feng)(feng)險(xian)轉向(xiang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)整(zheng)合取(qu)(qu)向(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點，標(biao)志著中(zhong)(zhong)國由(you)基于污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)制(zhi)向(xiang)基于健(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)制(zhi)過渡。[10]但是(shi)，由(you)于中(zhong)(zhong)國環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)工(gong)作(zuo)起步較晚，現(xian)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)、標(biao)準體(ti)系(xi)，以(yi)及新(xin)出臺的(de)(de)(de)《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第39條(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定也僅是(shi)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)規(gui)(gui)(gui)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)綱(gang)領性條(tiao)款，沒有(you)(you)對(dui)專(zhuan)門(men)(men)立法(fa)(fa)(fa)具(ju)體(ti)化，因此導致(zhi)了(le)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)國家現(xian)有(you)(you)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)問題(ti)(ti)銜接不(bu)(bu)夠(gou)，環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理體(ti)系(xi)尚未真正地(di)建(jian)立，這在很大(da)(da)程度上阻(zu)礙了(le)有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理體(ti)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)立。突出表現(xian)在以(yi)下幾個方面(mian)：1.環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)監管(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)制(zhi)難運行(xing)(xing)。國家層面(mian)工(gong)作(zuo)體(ti)制(zhi)尚未制(zhi)度化。2.管(guan)(guan)(guan)理手段不(bu)(bu)能(neng)適(shi)應風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理。管(guan)(guan)(guan)理模式難以(yi)有(you)(you)效提示風(feng)(feng)險(xian)，規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)作(zuo)用薄(bo)弱，環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)評(ping)評(ping)價缺(que)乏健(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)評(ping)價內容，監測(ce)機(ji)制(zhi)和(he)信息機(ji)制(zhi)落(luo)后，缺(que)乏科學(xue)決策、考(kao)評(ping)、問責(ze)(ze)機(ji)制(zhi)。3.公眾(zhong)參與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)嚴重不(bu)(bu)足。信息公開嚴重不(bu)(bu)足，參與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)平(ping)臺、參與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)機(ji)制(zhi)和(he)參與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)能(neng)力(li)不(bu)(bu)足。4.法(fa)(fa)(fa)律責(ze)(ze)任追究不(bu)(bu)力(li)。違法(fa)(fa)(fa)成本低，責(ze)(ze)任追究不(bu)(bu)嚴，司法(fa)(fa)(fa)功能(neng)不(bu)(bu)彰。  

二、國外環境健(jian)康經驗借鑒  

隨著社會經(jing)濟的發展(zhan)，環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)問題日(ri)益受到世界各國的關注，美(mei)國、韓國和(he)日(ri)本以及歐盟在環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)領(ling)域(yu)積累了(le)豐富的經(jing)驗，在制(zhi)定環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)戰略目標、構建政策法規(gui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)、科學(xue)研究等方面都有了(le)深入的研究和(he)探(tan)索。而且這些國家(jia)基于自身強大(da)的科技支撐和(he)雄厚的經(jing)濟實(shi)力，形(xing)成了(le)完善的環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)的制(zhi)度管(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)，可以有效地推動環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)管(guan)理(li)政策的實(shi)施(shi)。相比較而言(yan)，中(zhong)國環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)工作起步較晚。盡管(guan)中(zhong)國與(yu)(yu)歐美(mei)等西方發達(da)國家(jia)在法律文化上存在較大(da)的差(cha)異，二(er)者屬于截然(ran)不同的法律體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)，但是，這些國家(jia)在環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)領(ling)域(yu)方面取得的先進經(jing)驗對中(zhong)國構建健(jian)全環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)的管(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)仍具有非常(chang)重要(yao)的借鑒意義。  

（一(yi)）明確立法目的，制定(ding)環境與(yu)健康法  

為(wei)了系統(tong)地實施(shi)以居民健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)為(wei)核(he)心的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)政(zheng)策，韓國(guo)于(yu)2008年3月制定(ding)了《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)法》，并(bing)在(zai)2014年進行(xing)修訂。現行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)法》在(zai)第(di)(di)1章第(di)(di)1條明確規(gui)定(ding)：“為(wei)了預(yu)防和(he)維護公(gong)眾(zhong)(zhong)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)和(he)生態安(an)(an)全，減少健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)危害，評估、識別和(he)監測(ce)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)污(wu)染(ran)和(he)有毒有害化(hua)學品等(deng)對公(gong)眾(zhong)(zhong)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)以及生態系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)和(he)損害，制定(ding)本(ben)法。”該法確立(li)了以民眾(zhong)(zhong)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)為(wei)核(he)心目標的(de)(de)(de)立(li)法理念(nian)，將(jiang)現代環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)法的(de)(de)(de)可持續和(he)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)權等(deng)理念(nian)貫(guan)穿始終，是世界(jie)各國(guo)在(zai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)領域第(di)(di)一部(bu)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)立(li)法。該法以維護公(gong)眾(zhong)(zhong)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)和(he)生態環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)安(an)(an)全為(wei)目的(de)(de)(de)，規(gui)范(fan)了環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)管理的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)府(fu)職責分(fen)(fen)工，將(jiang)憲(xian)法中“環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)權”和(he)“健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)權”的(de)(de)(de)概念(nian)具體(ti)化(hua)，并(bing)在(zai)第(di)(di)3章中規(gui)定(ding)了要進行(xing)與環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)相(xiang)關的(de)(de)(de)人體(ti)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)預(yu)防和(he)管理；國(guo)民環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)基礎調(diao)(diao)查、環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)相(xiang)關健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)流行(xing)病學調(diao)(diao)查、健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)評價請愿(yuan)、政(zheng)府(fu)對環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)相(xiang)關疾病的(de)(de)(de)職責分(fen)(fen)工、環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)指標、環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)信(xin)息和(he)統(tong)計管理等(deng)內容。[11]  

（二）確立(li)優(you)先保(bao)護原(yuan)則，明確優(you)先保(bao)護領域  

為了(le)確(que)(que)保環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)與健(jian)康(kang)戰略政策得到充分有效的(de)(de)(de)實施，各國(guo)(guo)制定了(le)優(you)(you)先(xian)保護原則(ze)，并明確(que)(que)了(le)優(you)(you)先(xian)保護的(de)(de)(de)領域。例如：韓國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)《環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)康(kang)法(fa)》第4條(tiao)明確(que)(que)規定，為了(le)促進(jin)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)與健(jian)康(kang)，應當遵循“應當優(you)(you)先(xian)重(zhong)(zhong)視對暴(bao)露在環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)風險因(yin)(yin)子中的(de)(de)(de)易感(gan)人群(qun)例如兒童(tong)(tong)，以(yi)及在環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)惡化地區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)居(ju)民；易受(shou)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)危險因(yin)(yin)子影響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)易感(gan)人群(qun)，應當被允(yun)許(xu)參加相關政策的(de)(de)(de)決策過(guo)程，以(yi)獲得包括風險信(xin)息在內的(de)(de)(de)相關數據”等(deng)基本原則(ze)，并設立(li)了(le)“保護兒童(tong)(tong)健(jian)康(kang)”專章，嚴(yan)格規定了(le)兒童(tong)(tong)活(huo)動區(qu)域的(de)(de)(de)風險評價管(guan)理和兒童(tong)(tong)產品(pin)中有毒(du)(du)等(deng)風險物質的(de)(de)(de)使用控(kong)制，并要求(qiu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)部應當建立(li)與公布影響(xiang)兒童(tong)(tong)健(jian)康(kang)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)毒(du)(du)性(xing)因(yin)(yin)子的(de)(de)(de)風險信(xin)息數據系統等(deng)。美國(guo)(guo)《超(chao)級基金法(fa)》或《綜(zong)合環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)反應補償責(ze)任法(fa)》通過(guo)國(guo)(guo)家重(zhong)(zhong)點場地名單(dan)（NPL）對全國(guo)(guo)范圍內污染最為嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)亟須國(guo)(guo)家優(you)(you)先(xian)清理的(de)(de)(de)污染場地予(yu)以(yi)列明，作為環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)保署(shu)及地方環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)保機構優(you)(you)先(xian)清理和重(zhong)(zhong)點防控(kong)的(de)(de)(de)對象，以(yi)確(que)(que)保美國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)與公眾健(jian)康(kang)安全。  

（三）建立以環(huan)境與健(jian)康(kang)風險(xian)評估(gu)為核心的制度體(ti)系  

環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)是(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)主要內容，風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)結(jie)果(guo)可以綜合政治、經(jing)濟、法律等信(xin)息，制(zhi)(zhi)定相(xiang)關(guan)政策(ce)(ce)，最(zui)大(da)(da)限度地(di)保(bao)護公眾(zhong)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)，有效地(di)降低環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)污染對(dui)人群(qun)造成的(de)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，促(cu)進對(dui)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)施有效的(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)。其結(jie)果(guo)也可以為(wei)媒體及公眾(zhong)進行風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)交流提供數(shu)據支撐。[12]韓國(guo)(guo)和(he)(he)美國(guo)(guo)在環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)及管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)方面(mian)具(ju)有幾十(shi)年(nian)的(de)歷史經(jing)驗，韓國(guo)(guo)《環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)法》設專章規定風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)制(zhi)(zhi)度，開展(zhan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)是(shi)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)部的(de)法定義(yi)務。1983年(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)科(ke)學院制(zhi)(zhi)定了“風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)”策(ce)(ce)略，將環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)分為(wei)兩個階段，即(ji)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)與(yu)(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)，并(bing)提出了人群(qun)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)經(jing)典模型，明確了健(jian)(jian)康(kang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)步(bu)驟，即(ji)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)“四步(bu)法”，包(bao)括危害識別、劑量-反應關(guan)系(xi)、暴露評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)和(he)(he)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)特征。這一風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)框架(jia)得到(dao)了許多國(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)認可，加(jia)拿大(da)(da)、澳大(da)(da)利亞(ya)、荷蘭等國(guo)(guo)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)立法予以采納并(bing)實(shi)(shi)施效果(guo)良好。美國(guo)(guo)和(he)(he)加(jia)拿大(da)(da)建(jian)立的(de)和(he)(he)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)制(zhi)(zhi)度相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)法律包(bao)括：《聯邦政府(fu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)：管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)過程》《美國(guo)(guo)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)框架(jia)》《環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)決策(ce)(ce)中(zhong)的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)與(yu)(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)》《生態(tai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)指南》《理(li)(li)(li)解(jie)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)：民主社會的(de)決策(ce)(ce)指南》《超(chao)級基金(jin)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)指南（第(di)一卷(juan)）：人體健(jian)(jian)康(kang)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)指南》《超(chao)級基金(jin)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)指南（第(di)二卷(juan)）：環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)手冊》《加(jia)拿大(da)(da)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)入(ru)門手冊》《生態(tai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)(gu)(gu)：一般(ban)指南》。  

（四）建立環境(jing)與(yu)健康風險溝(gou)通機(ji)制，促進信息公(gong)(gong)開，增強(qiang)公(gong)(gong)眾參與(yu)度  

嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)康(kang)問題(ti)正在(zai)(zai)成為(wei)經(jing)濟社(she)(she)會(hui)矛盾爆發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)載體。“十一五”期間(jian)發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)232起(qi)較大環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事件中(zhong)(zhong)，56起(qi)為(wei)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)污染導致健(jian)康(kang)損害(hai)事件，超過(guo)1/3發(fa)展(zhan)成為(wei)群體性事件，因此加強(qiang)(qiang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)風(feng)(feng)險的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)溝(gou)通至關重要(yao)。強(qiang)(qiang)化環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)基礎知(zhi)識(shi)，科學(xue)對待環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)康(kang)風(feng)(feng)險，促進(jin)(jin)信(xin)(xin)息公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)開，增加公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)(zhong)參(can)與(yu)(yu)是建立(li)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)風(feng)(feng)險溝(gou)通機制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)內(nei)容。美國(guo)于1986年頒布(bu)《危機應(ying)急計劃和社(she)(she)區知(zhi)情(qing)權(quan)法(fa)案》，規定(ding)“社(she)(she)區知(zhi)情(qing)權(quan)”，要(yao)求建立(li)政府(fu)(fu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)信(xin)(xin)息公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)開系統(tong)，促進(jin)(jin)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)康(kang)風(feng)(feng)險信(xin)(xin)息在(zai)(zai)政府(fu)(fu)、企業與(yu)(yu)民眾(zhong)(zhong)等相關者(zhe)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)，以(yi)保障公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)(zhong)知(zhi)情(qing)權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式穩定(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)緒。事實上，“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)(zhong)參(can)與(yu)(yu)”在(zai)(zai)美國(guo)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)法(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)無(wu)處不在(zai)(zai)，而(er)且具有包(bao)括投票、游(you)行、請(qing)愿(yuan)、游(you)說、給報刊編輯寫信(xin)(xin)、辯論(lun)、參(can)加聽證(zheng)會(hui)、要(yao)求獲取政府(fu)(fu)信(xin)(xin)息、組成公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民顧問團，甚至提起(qi)訴訟(song)等在(zai)(zai)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)種方(fang)式。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)(zhong)參(can)與(yu)(yu)將公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)享有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)信(xin)(xin)息知(zhi)情(qing)權(quan)、參(can)與(yu)(yu)權(quan)和司法(fa)救(jiu)濟權(quan)等具體細化到《清潔空氣(qi)法(fa)》《清潔水(shui)法(fa)》《資源保護(hu)與(yu)(yu)恢復法(fa)》和《綜(zong)合(he)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)應(ying)對、賠償與(yu)(yu)責任法(fa)》等多(duo)部(bu)法(fa)律中(zhong)(zhong)，通過(guo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)(zhong)參(can)與(yu)(yu)，可以(yi)使(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)分表(biao)達與(yu)(yu)聯(lian)邦機關相同或不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)見，使(shi)聯(lian)邦機關能夠充(chong)分了解其(qi)行為(wei)對不同背(bei)景(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)(zhong)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同影響，促進(jin)(jin)聯(lian)邦機關與(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)(zhong)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溝(gou)通與(yu)(yu)了解，推動聯(lian)邦機關做(zuo)出更好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決策，建立(li)政府(fu)(fu)與(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)(zhong)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)任，為(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)(zhong)支(zhi)持聯(lian)邦機關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)提供了公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)(zhong)基礎，并有助于實現(xian)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)。[13]  

（五）明(ming)確環境(jing)與健康損害(hai)責(ze)任  

環境(jing)污(wu)(wu)染會對(dui)人體(ti)健康(kang)(kang)造成損(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)，因此(ci)必須明確(que)(que)辨(bian)別環境(jing)與健康(kang)(kang)損(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)責任及(ji)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)范圍和(he)額(e)度(du)并進行(xing)(xing)(xing)民事或行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)。日本(ben)1974年制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)了(le)專(zhuan)門的(de)(de)《公(gong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)健康(kang)(kang)損(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》，實行(xing)(xing)(xing)“污(wu)(wu)染者(zhe)負擔原則”，由日本(ben)環境(jing)恢復和(he)保(bao)護局（政(zheng)(zheng)府機關之外的(de)(de)專(zhuan)門機構(gou)）負責向固定(ding)(ding)污(wu)(wu)染源(yuan)(yuan)（工(gong)廠(chang)）征(zheng)收賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)款(kuan)以及(ji)向移動(dong)污(wu)(wu)染源(yuan)(yuan)（汽車）征(zheng)收稅負的(de)(de)方(fang)式獲得資金(jin)，同時由中央及(ji)地方(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)府承擔健康(kang)(kang)和(he)福利(li)服務的(de)(de)部分費(fei)用。損(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)范圍廣泛，包括(kuo)：醫療費(fei)、殘廢救濟金(jin)、兒童撫養(yang)費(fei)、治療補(bu)(bu)貼、葬禮補(bu)(bu)助、幸存者(zhe)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)等，并采(cai)用公(gong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)病(bing)(bing)區域(yu)劃(hua)定(ding)(ding)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)對(dui)相關公(gong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)病(bing)(bing)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)認定(ding)(ding)確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)所(suo)屬補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)領域(yu)，指定(ding)(ding)地區的(de)(de)郡縣(xian)必須為患者(zhe)提供健康(kang)(kang)和(he)福利(li)服務，幫助已確(que)(que)認受害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)者(zhe)康(kang)(kang)復、維(wei)持和(he)提高他們的(de)(de)健康(kang)(kang)。美國(guo)并未針對(dui)環境(jing)與健康(kang)(kang)損(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)專(zhuan)門立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，但基于(yu)在成文法(fa)(fa)(fa)體(ti)系(xi)中《超級基金(jin)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》《聯邦侵權賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》《聯邦雇員補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)(chang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》以及(ji)相關典型判例，形成了(le)一(yi)套(tao)行(xing)(xing)(xing)之有效的(de)(de)環境(jing)健康(kang)(kang)損(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律機制(zhi)，并將人身傷害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)、精(jing)神損(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)、醫療費(fei)用、收入損(sun)失(shi)等納入環境(jing)健康(kang)(kang)損(sun)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)范圍，而賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)額(e)度(du)的(de)(de)確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)主(zhu)要考慮賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)比(bi)例、賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)限額(e)和(he)懲罰性賠(pei)(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)(chang)等因素(su)。[14][15]  

三(san)、對(dui)中國環境健康管理(li)工作的建議  

如(ru)上所(suo)述，中國環境(jing)健康(kang)(kang)工(gong)作面臨著巨大的挑戰。基于國外在環境(jing)健康(kang)(kang)領域累積(ji)的先(xian)進經驗(yan)，特對中國的環境(jing)與健康(kang)(kang)工(gong)作提出以(yi)下建議(yi)：  

（一(yi)）以民眾健康(kang)(kang)為核心目標，制定環(huan)境與(yu)健康(kang)(kang)法，確立完善的環(huan)境健康(kang)(kang)管理體制  

以維護公(gong)眾(zhong)健康(kang)(kang)和(he)生(sheng)態安全為(wei)目標，基(ji)于健康(kang)(kang)風(feng)險(xian)防范和(he)優先(xian)保護為(wei)基(ji)本原(yuan)則，采取單(dan)獨(du)立(li)法的形式，制(zhi)定環(huan)境與健康(kang)(kang)法，完善(shan)環(huan)境健康(kang)(kang)管理(li)(li)體制(zhi)，規(gui)范政府(fu)和(he)企業的管理(li)(li)職責和(he)義務，制(zhi)定環(huan)境健康(kang)(kang)基(ji)礎調查(cha)與風(feng)險(xian)管理(li)(li)制(zhi)度，識(shi)別優先(xian)保護領(ling)域，建立(li)風(feng)險(xian)溝通(tong)機制(zhi)，增加公(gong)眾(zhong)參(can)與度，促進環(huan)境與健康(kang)(kang)信息的公(gong)開，進一步推動(dong)環(huan)境與健康(kang)(kang)相關政策的有效實施。  

（二）建立完善(shan)監管體制機制，健(jian)全國家和(he)地方各(ge)級(ji)環境與(yu)健(jian)康(kang)部(bu)門的協調機制  

進一(yi)步健全政府(fu)環(huan)境與(yu)(yu)健康(kang)職(zhi)(zhi)能及(ji)體制(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)。中(zhong)央層面：升級(ji)現行(xing)國家環(huan)境與(yu)(yu)健康(kang)領導小組，明確相(xiang)關部門的環(huan)境與(yu)(yu)健康(kang)綜(zong)合(he)管理職(zhi)(zhi)權，建立(li)部門協(xie)調、協(xie)同機(ji)制(zhi)，完善信息(xi)共享(xiang)、綜(zong)合(he)決策(ce)機(ji)制(zhi)；地方層面：建立(li)健全省(sheng)、市級(ji)環(huan)境與(yu)(yu)健康(kang)機(ji)構或人員(yuan)，明確各(ge)協(xie)同部門職(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)、共同承擔責(ze)任，建立(li)環(huan)境與(yu)(yu)健康(kang)政府(fu)績效考核和問(wen)責(ze)機(ji)制(zhi)。  

（三）建立(li)環境與健康全過程控(kong)制(zhi)機制(zhi)  

基于環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)相(xiang)關(guan)法律(lv)(lv)法規體(ti)(ti)系(xi)，構建環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全過(guo)程(cheng)控制(zhi)(zhi)機制(zhi)(zhi)。通過(guo)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)排放—環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)介質(zhi)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)—人類暴(bao)露(lu)—健(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)危(wei)害的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四階發(fa)展過(guo)程(cheng)，建立環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)管(guan)理(li)目標(biao)(biao)，明確污(wu)(wu)染(ran)來源，科(ke)(ke)學(xue)評(ping)估(gu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)風險，加強環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)監管(guan)，削減環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)，健(jian)(jian)(jian)全污(wu)(wu)染(ran)暴(bao)露(lu)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)，降低人體(ti)(ti)對污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)露(lu)風險，防止和(he)減少(shao)由環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)引發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人體(ti)(ti)疾病(bing)和(he)公(gong)共醫療衛生(sheng)事件，提(ti)高疾病(bing)治療能力(li)。并且要(yao)(yao)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)識(shi)別不同環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)情景(jing)下(xia)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)傳(chuan)導(dao)鏈中目標(biao)(biao)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)、目標(biao)(biao)區域、主要(yao)(yao)介質(zhi)、潛(qian)在暴(bao)露(lu)途徑、目標(biao)(biao)人群(qun)、健(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)效應等(deng)六(liu)大特(te)征，合理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)危(wei)害調(diao)查(cha)技(ji)(ji)術方(fang)案(an)。建立環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)，包括：環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)綜合規劃、評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)、調(diao)查(cha)與(yu)(yu)監測、環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)危(wei)險因子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風險評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)、新(xin)技(ji)(ji)術和(he)新(xin)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)、規劃和(he)建設(she)項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)健(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)影響(xiang)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)、特(te)定(ding)(ding)地區和(he)特(te)定(ding)(ding)人群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)流行病(bing)學(xue)調(diao)查(cha)、信(xin)息(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收集管(guan)理(li)、信(xin)息(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)開、兒童等(deng)易感的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優先保護、環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)突發(fa)事件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應對、環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)(yu)健(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)(kang)損害法律(lv)(lv)責(ze)任(ren)。  

（四）構建以(yi)環境與健康風(feng)險評(ping)估為核心(xin)的制(zhi)度體(ti)系  

以民眾健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)和(he)生態安全(quan)(quan)為(wei)核心，建(jian)立環境(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)評估為(wei)核心的(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)過程管(guan)(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度(du)體(ti)系(xi)。建(jian)立環境(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)評估為(wei)基(ji)準的(de)(de)規(gui)范(fan)和(he)標準制(zhi)度(du)，開展全(quan)(quan)國范(fan)圍內的(de)(de)標準化(hua)培訓；制(zhi)定(ding)環境(jing)(jing)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)因素的(de)(de)排查與(yu)識別措施，構建(jian)環境(jing)(jing)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)源(yuan)分類分級管(guan)(guan)理(li)系(xi)統(tong)；大力(li)加強環境(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)交流及風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)方面的(de)(de)研究與(yu)應(ying)(ying)用，促(cu)進(jin)政策的(de)(de)制(zhi)定(ding)；基(ji)于環境(jing)(jing)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)全(quan)(quan)過程管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)實施，制(zhi)定(ding)事(shi)故前防(fang)(fang)范(fan)、事(shi)故中應(ying)(ying)急(ji)處理(li)和(he)事(shi)故后恢復的(de)(de)三(san)級風(feng)(feng)險(xian)防(fang)(fang)范(fan)與(yu)應(ying)(ying)急(ji)體(ti)系(xi)，避免或降低環境(jing)(jing)與(yu)健(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)康(kang)(kang)(kang)危害，促(cu)進(jin)環境(jing)(jing)質量(liang)的(de)(de)提升和(he)生態文明社會的(de)(de)建(jian)設。  

（五）構建環境健康損害賠償(chang)制度(du)  

建(jian)立完善環境(jing)(jing)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)損害賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)的(de)法律(lv)制(zhi)度，彌(mi)補中(zhong)國在環境(jing)(jing)污染(ran)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)立法中(zhong)人(ren)(ren)身損害鑒定法律(lv)制(zhi)度的(de)缺(que)失，準確(que)識別環境(jing)(jing)污染(ran)與(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)損害的(de)因果關(guan)(guan)系(xi)，完善環境(jing)(jing)污染(ran)與(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)損害因果關(guan)(guan)系(xi)認定制(zhi)度，確(que)定賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)范圍和賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)額度，制(zhi)定能(neng)準確(que)鑒定損害的(de)法律(lv)法規和衛生技術規范等，進一步明確(que)環境(jing)(jing)與(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)的(de)損害責任，以確(que)保受害人(ren)(ren)能(neng)得(de)到及時(shi)全面賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)，促進環境(jing)(jing)與(yu)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)政(zheng)策的(de)有效實施。  

（六）加強環境與(yu)健康的科學(xue)研究，增強國際(ji)合作交流  

設立重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)科(ke)研(yan)(yan)項目，針對中國(guo)面臨的(de)霧霾(mai)、水(shui)和土壤等重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)環(huan)境健(jian)(jian)康(kang)問題開展研(yan)(yan)究；研(yan)(yan)發基因工(gong)程(cheng)、納米技(ji)術(shu)(shu)等最新的(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)和方法(fa)(fa)，促(cu)進(jin)(jin)在環(huan)境與(yu)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)研(yan)(yan)究領域(yu)的(de)運用和發展，為(wei)中國(guo)環(huan)境健(jian)(jian)康(kang)政策(ce)制定提供依據。加強國(guo)家合作，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點開展空氣污(wu)染(ran)、水(shui)環(huan)境污(wu)染(ran)、土壤污(wu)染(ran)、糧食食品安全以及氣候變化與(yu)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)等領域(yu)的(de)法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規(gui)標(biao)準制定、技(ji)術(shu)(shu)研(yan)(yan)發和管理(li)經驗交(jiao)流，促(cu)進(jin)(jin)中國(guo)環(huan)境與(yu)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)領域(yu)政策(ce)的(de)有效實施。

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