中水道應用——建筑給排水的發展趨勢
摘要：介紹了(le)國內(nei)外中水(shui)處理技術、 應用(yong) 方式、水(shui)質標準、費用(yong) 分析 等，并提出筆者(zhe)的看法。
關(guan)鍵詞：中(zhong)水(shui) 污水(shui)回(hui)用(yong)
0 概述
在(zai)人類即(ji)將(jiang)步(bu)入21世紀的(de)時候，當(dang)今世界(jie)卻有80個(ge)(ge)國家(jia)，約(yue)20多億(yi)人口(kou)面臨(lin)淡水(shui)(shui)資源危機，其(qi)中26個(ge)(ge)國家(jia)的(de)3億(yi)多人正(zheng)生(sheng)活(huo)在(zai)缺水(shui)(shui)狀態(tai)中。預計到2010年(nian)，還將(jiang)增加8個(ge)(ge)國家(jia)，缺水(shui)(shui)已成為一個(ge)(ge)世界(jie)性的(de) 問題 。節(jie)水(shui)(shui)是(shi)(shi)緩解(jie)這一問題較現實的(de)辦法，而污水(shui)(shui)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)一條(tiao)有效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)節(jie)水(shui)(shui)途徑。采(cai)用(yong)(yong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)中水(shui)(shui)系統，使(shi)污水(shui)(shui)處理后回(hui)用(yong)(yong)，有著雙重意義既可減少污染，又可增加可利用(yong)(yong)的(de)水(shui)(shui)資源，有明顯的(de) 社會 效(xiao)(xiao)益和 經濟 效(xiao)(xiao)益。因此在(zai)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)逐步(bu)向(xiang)綠色生(sheng)態(tai)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu) 發(fa)展(zhan) 的(de)同時，建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)中水(shui)(shui)系統成為建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)給排(pai)水(shui)(shui)的(de)一個(ge)(ge)發(fa)展(zhan)方向(xiang)。
不(bu)少國(guo)(guo)家已(yi)著(zhu)手建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)道系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) 研究(jiu) 和(he)實(shi)施(shi)，各國(guo)(guo)根據自己區(qu)(qu)(qu)域特點確定出適合其國(guo)(guo)情的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)(yong)技術。早在1926年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，美(mei)國(guo)(guo)亞利桑那州的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)Crand Canyon國(guo)(guo)家公(gong)園(yuan)將處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)過的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)(yong)于沖廁所、草(cao)地噴水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、冷(leng)卻水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)鍋爐給水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。1960年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)科(ke)羅(luo)拉多州修建(jian)(jian)(jian)了一(yi)套(tao)(tao)中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)(yong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)提供高爾夫(fu)球(qiu)場(chang)、公(gong)園(yuan)、高速(su)公(gong)路等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景觀(guan)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。美(mei)國(guo)(guo)在1975年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)占總取(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)38.7%，并以每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)4%～5%遞增(zeng)(zeng)。1977年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，佛羅(luo)里達州建(jian)(jian)(jian)成一(yi)套(tao)(tao)200km長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)園(yuan)、高爾夫(fu)球(qiu)場(chang)、校園(yuan)、住宅區(qu)(qu)(qu)草(cao)地、冷(leng)卻塔提供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源[1]。 目(mu)前(qian)(qian) 哥倫比(bi)亞城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有(you)1/3經(jing)生物(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)雜用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui);加利福尼(ni)亞州約有(you)200余座中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)占污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)總量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)31%。南(nan)非溫得和(he)克市(shi)(shi)(shi)已(yi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)成處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)能(neng)力為(wei)(wei)(wei)450m3/d的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。印度孟(meng)買已(yi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)成7座處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)能(neng)力為(wei)(wei)(wei)150m3/d～250m3/d的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)，用(yong)(yong)于補充空(kong)調(diao)冷(leng)卻用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)[2]。英國(guo)(guo)需用(yong)(yong)淡水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)以每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)2.5%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)例增(zeng)(zeng)長，其給水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1/3不(bu)得不(bu)取(qu)(qu)自含有(you)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)后排放(fang)河(he)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)河(he)段。前(qian)(qian)聯邦(bang)德國(guo)(guo)70年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地面(mian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)染較為(wei)(wei)(wei)嚴重，所取(qu)(qu)河(he)灘滲(shen)濾水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)人工(gong)地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)都(dou)是地面(mian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)經(jing)過不(bu)同處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)后，再經(jing)滲(shen)濾和(he)回灌地下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。這說明英、德兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)(yong)是客觀(guan)存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)[3]。日(ri)本在1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)有(you)844套(tao)(tao)中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)設(she)施(shi)，東京(jing)市(shi)(shi)(shi)就有(you)日(ri)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)量(liang)(liang)(liang)約為(wei)(wei)(wei)200m3的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)60余座。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)北京(jing)市(shi)(shi)(shi)目(mu)前(qian)(qian)已(yi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)成首都(dou)機(ji)場(chang)、 中(zhong)國(guo)(guo) 國(guo)(guo)際貿(mao)易中(zhong)心、清華浴(yu)池(chi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)幾(ji)十(shi)項中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)，總設(she)計能(neng)力約3 000m3/d。大連、天津、青島、太原(yuan)、深圳等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)也先后建(jian)(jian)(jian)成一(yi)系(xi)列中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)。《北京(jing)市(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)設(she)施(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)管理(li)(li)試行辦法》規定：新(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)積20 000m2以上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)旅(lv)館、飯店(dian)、公(gong)寓等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng);新(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)積30 000m2以上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)關、科(ke)研單位(wei)、大專院校、大型文化 體育 建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng);按規定應配套(tao)(tao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)設(she)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)住宅小區(qu)(qu)(qu)、集中(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)區(qu)(qu)(qu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)都(dou)應配套(tao)(tao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)設(she)施(shi)，現有(you)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)屬(shu)前(qian)(qian)兩(liang)項的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可根據條件逐(zhu)步配建(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)設(she)施(shi)。
1 中水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)源及用途(tu)
中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源可(ke)取自生活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和冷(leng)卻水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，一般可(ke)按下列(lie)順序取舍：冷(leng)卻水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)→沐浴排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)→盥洗排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)→洗衣(yi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)→廚(chu)(chu)房排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)→廁(ce)所排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。 醫院 污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)不宜(yi)用作中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源。中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源可(ke)分為(wei)3類[4]：A 不含廚(chu)(chu)、廁(ce)排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，以冷(leng)卻水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、洗浴水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為(wei)主的優質雜(za)排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui);B 含廚(chu)(chu)房排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的雜(za)排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui);C 雜(za)排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)+廁(ce)所排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。
全世界人(ren)均(jun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)約為(wei)100L/d。加拿大埃德蒙頓市1994年(nian)人(ren)均(jun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)為(wei)434L/d，漏水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)率(lv)為(wei)4.8%;新(xin)加坡1994年(nian)人(ren)均(jun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)為(wei)135L/d，比1993年(nian)增加6.5%，漏水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)率(lv)為(wei)8%;1981年(nian)日本東京(jing)都人(ren)均(jun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)為(wei)250L/d，千葉縣人(ren)均(jun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)為(wei)205L/d;廣(guang)州市1997年(nian)為(wei)350L/d[5～6]。根據(ju)不同(tong)(tong)的處理程度(du)、出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)指標和(he)各用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途的用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質標準(zhun)，中水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)可作(zuo)不同(tong)(tong)的用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途，見表1。中水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的最(zui)大用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途是沖洗(xi)(xi)廁所，占使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)的90%以上。以東京(jing)都為(wei)例，沖廁用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為(wei)90.6%，冷卻用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為(wei)3.0%，消防(fang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為(wei)2.4%，洗(xi)(xi)車用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為(wei)1.2%，清掃用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為(wei)1.2%，綠(lv)化(hua)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為(wei)0.7%，其它0.9%。
表 1 各(ge)種用途用水水質標(biao)準
| 用 途 | 沖洗廁所 | 空調冷卻 | 洗車、消防 | 灑 水 |
北京中水 水質標準 |
||||
| 國 家 | 美國 | 日本 | 美國 | 日本 | 美國 | 日本 | 美國 | 日本 | |
| 濁度/NTU | 20 | ＜5～30 | 10 | ＜10 | 10 | ＜5～15 | 20 | ＜5～25 | — |
| pH | — | 5.8～9.0 | — | 5.8～9.0 | — | 5.8～9.0 | — | 5.8～9.0 | 6.5～9.0 |
| CODCr/mg/L | — | ＜20～60 | — | ＜20～60 | — | ＜20～60 | — | ＜20～60 | 50 |
| 余氯/mg/L | — | — | — | — | — | ＞0.2 | — | ＞0.2 | 管網末端＞0.2 |
| 硬度/(以CaCO3計)mg/L | — | ＜300～500 | 300 | ＜300 | — | ＜200～500 | — | ＜300～500 | — |
| 懸浮物/mg/L | 10 | ||||||||
| 蒸發殘渣/mg/L | — | ＜500～1 000 | 800 | ＜300 | 500 | ＜500 | — | ＜1 000 | — |
| 氨氮/mg/L | — | ＜20 | — | ＜20 | — | ＜10 | — | ＜10 | — |
| ABS/mg/L | ＜1 | ＜2 | ＜1 | ＜1 | ＜1 | ＜1 | ＜1 | ＜1～2 | ＜2 |
| 大腸桿菌/個/L | — | 0～1 | — | — | — | 0～1 | — | 0～1 | ＜3 |
| 細菌總數/個/mL | — | ＜100 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ＜100 |
| BOD5/mg/L | — | ＜10～20 | — | ＜10 | — | ＜10 | 8 | ＜10 | ＜10 |
| 色度/度 | 40 | ＜10～50 | 30 | 無不快感 | 30 | ＜20～30 | 30 | ＜20～50 | ＜40 |
|
注：嗅除北京中水水質標準為無不快感外，其他各種用途用水水質標準皆為無異臭味。2 處理工藝流程與水質
中水原水水質不同，處理流程也不一樣。我國一般采用以下幾種中水處理流程［7］： 表 2 日本中水處理利用實例 |
| 單位名稱 | 中水用途 | 原水水質 | 處理量/m3/d | 處理流程 | 出水水質 |
| 東京 工業 大學長津田地區 |
研究用水 沖廁用水 |
生活雜排水pH 7.7，SS 250，BOD 200，COD 150，硬度614，氨氮19 | 1 200 | 原水→活性污泥→生化脫氮→混凝沉淀→砂濾→活性炭吸附 | |
| 栗田工業會社大樓 | 沖廁用水 |
冷卻水pH 7.7～8.1 BOD 33～84 電導率390～840 |
100 | 原水→快濾→消毒 |
pH 5.8～8.0 BOD 20～60 電導率 ＜823 |
| A制造會社總部大樓 | 沖廁用水 | 生活雜排水BOD 200，COD 150，SS 250 | 140 | 原水→油水分離→旋轉圓盤→快濾→活性炭吸附 | BOD 5，COD 5，SS 1 |
| 日本住宅公寓芝山住宅區 |
沖廁用水 垃圾箱 沖洗用水 |
生活雜排水 | 最大161 | 原水→活性污泥→混凝沉淀→砂濾→臭氧處理→活性炭吸附 | pH 5.8～8.6，BOD 10，COD 20，SS 5 |
| 神戶制鋼所機械研究所化學部門研究樓 |
試驗用水 冷卻水 |
研究樓排水 | 140 |
試驗用水→中和→混凝沉淀→反滲透→活性炭吸附→再利用 冷卻水→砂濾→再利用 |
pH 6.7，電導率 65，COD ＜0.5，TDS 49，Ca 6.8，Mg 1.8，Cl- 15.9 |
| 橫兵國立大學 |
沖廁用水 冷卻水 |
試驗排水BOD 20，COD 20，SS 20 | 500 | 原水→過濾→調節pH→混凝沉淀→2次過濾→活性炭吸附→臭氧殺菌 |
BOD ＜5 COD ＜5 SS ＜5 |
| 大阪市公園局 | 二級出水 | 城市環境用水 | 10 000 | 二級出水→快濾→去除ABS→消毒 | |
| 東京都中央市場 |
芝浦處理廠 二級出水 |
清掃 水池 洗車 冷卻水 |
150 | 二級出水→過濾 |
|
注：表2、表3中SS、COD、BOD、TDS、Cl-、各種金屬含量、硬度、氨氮含量的單位是mg/L；電導率的單位是μS/cm；大腸桿菌的單位是個/L。
表 3 中國中水處理利用實例 |
| 單位名稱 | 中水用途 | 原水水質 | 處理量/m3/d | 處理流程 | 出水水質 |
| 北京結核病醫院 | 沖廁所、綠化、洗車、景觀、施工用水 | 二級處理出水COD 40～50，BOD 10～20，SS 30～40，氨氮 4～10，余氯 6～8，大腸桿菌＜500 | 200 | 二級出水→調節池→管道反應器→平流沉淀池→過濾→消毒 | COD 12～28，BOD 1.6～16，余氯 0.8～2，大腸桿菌＜5 |
| 首都機場 | 沖廁所、綠化 | 二級處理出水COD 24.1，BOD 9.7，SS 18.7 | 960 | 二級出水→調節池→管道反應器(消毒)→平流沉淀池→過濾→消毒 | COD 12，BOD 1.1，SS 4.5 |
| 北京市勁松賓館 | 沖廁所、綠化、景觀、噴泉 | 浴室賓館淋浴水COD 33～103，BOD 50～80，ABS 1～2.7，大腸菌2 500，油脂 20.5～33.5，SS 200～318 | 120 | 原水→曝氣調節池→一級接觸氧化→二級接觸氧化→纖維球過濾 | 余氯 0.5～1，COD 1～20，BOD 0.75～10，ABS 0.08～1，大腸桿菌＜3，油脂 0.3～1，SS＜5 |
| 北京市萬泉公寓 | 沖廁所、綠化、洗車 | 洗浴水COD 150，BOD 80，SS 60 | 120 | 原水→調節池→接觸氧化→沉淀→過濾→消毒 | COD＜50，BOD＜10，SS＜10 |
| 北京市亞洲大酒店 | 沖廁所、綠化、洗車、景觀 | 洗浴水COD 150，BOD 80，SS 60 | 120 | 原水→格柵→調節池→混凝過濾→生物活性炭→消毒 | 出水達北京市規定的標準 |
| 國際服務中心 | 沖廁所、綠化、洗車 | SS 100～150，BOD 100～150 | 1 500 | 原水→調節池→曝氣池→混凝沉淀→砂濾→活性炭吸附→消毒 | SS＜5，BOD＜5，余氯＜1 |
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3 中水的回用方式
3.1 單獨循環方式 |
4 中水供水方式
中(zhong)水的供(gong)水方(fang)式由建筑物高度(du)、室外中(zhong)水配水管網(wang)(wang)的可(ke)靠(kao)壓(ya)力、室內管網(wang)(wang)所需壓(ya)力等因素(su)決定，一般可(ke)分為以下幾種。
4.1 簡(jian)單的供(gong)水方(fang)式(shi)
當室(shi)外中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)配水(shui)(shui)管網所(suo)具(ju)有的(de)(de)可(ke)靠(kao)水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)大于室(shi)內中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)系統(tong)所(suo)需總水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)時，可(ke)采用不另設(she)泵和水(shui)(shui)箱中(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)供水(shui)(shui)方式。這種(zhong)方式具(ju)有設(she)備(bei)少、維護簡單、投(tou)資少的(de)(de)優點。其水(shui)(shui)平干管可(ke)布置(zhi)在(zai)(zai)首層(ceng)地下(xia)、地溝內或(huo)地下(xia)室(shi)天花板(ban)下(xia)，也可(ke)布置(zhi)在(zai)(zai)最高層(ceng)的(de)(de)天花板(ban)下(xia)、吊頂(ding)內或(huo)技術層(ceng)中(zhong)(zhong)。
4.2 單設屋頂水箱的中水供水方式
當室外中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)配水(shui)(shui)(shui)管網的水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)大(da)部分時(shi)(shi)(shi)間可滿(man)足室內中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系統所(suo)需水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)，只是在某一用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)高峰時(shi)(shi)(shi)間不能保證室內供水(shui)(shui)(shui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，可采用(yong)單設(she)屋頂水(shui)(shui)(shui)箱的中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)方(fang)式(shi)。當室外中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)配水(shui)(shui)(shui)管網壓(ya)力較大(da)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，可供水(shui)(shui)(shui)給樓內用(yong)戶和水(shui)(shui)(shui)箱;當水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)下(xia)降時(shi)(shi)(shi)，高層的用(yong)戶可由水(shui)(shui)(shui)箱供給中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，該(gai)方(fang)式(shi)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)平干(gan)管一般為下(xia)行(xing)敷設(she)。
4.3 設(she)置水(shui)泵和屋頂水(shui)箱的供水(shui)方式
當室(shi)外管網水(shui)(shui)壓低于室(shi)內(nei)所(suo)需水(shui)(shui)壓時，靠水(shui)(shui)泵抽水(shui)(shui)到屋頂(ding)水(shui)(shui)箱(見圖1)。
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圖1 設水泵和水箱供水方式
4.4 分區供水方式 |
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圖2 分區供水方式 5 經濟 性 分析
污水處理作為中水原水，無疑增加了處理設施建設費、運行費和管道鋪設費。但從長遠來看，中水回用在經濟方面具有以下的優越性： 6 結語
(1)中水道技術是污水資源化綜合利用技術。在我國由于多方面原因，尚未得到普遍推廣 應用 ，應從立法、政策、宣傳等方面加以解決。 參考 文獻
1 Metcalf,Eddy.Wastewater Engineering. Third Edition.USA:McGRAW-HILL International Editions,1991. 1137～1139 |
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