1 人工濕地的定(ding)義

人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)濕地(di)(di)是(shi)指模擬自然濕地(di)(di)機理的(de)(de)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，是(shi)利(li)用(yong)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)構建(jian)的(de)(de)濕地(di)(di)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)物理、化(hua)學和(he)(he)馴化(hua)的(de)(de)生(sheng)物生(sheng)化(hua)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)協(xie)同(tong)對污(wu)(wu)水進行(xing)綜合作用(yong)實現對污(wu)(wu)水的(de)(de)凈(jing)化(hua)。主要由(you)生(sheng)長在(zai)其(qi)上的(de)(de)水生(sheng)植(zhi)物、微生(sheng)物和(he)(he)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)基(ji)質(zhi)組成，構建(jian)一個特殊(shu)的(de)(de)基(ji)質(zhi)—植(zhi)物—微生(sheng)物生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，形成植(zhi)物和(he)(he)微生(sheng)物相(xiang)結合的(de)(de)高(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)凈(jing)化(hua)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。與傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)概念的(de)(de)水處(chu)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝相(xiang)比，人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)濕地(di)(di)污(wu)(wu)水處(chu)理系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)具(ju)有系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)維護及運營費(fei)(fei)用(yong)低，對進水負荷(he)變化(hua)適應性(xing)強(qiang)，尤其(qi)對氮、磷和(he)(he)化(hua)學需氧量去除效(xiao)(xiao)果好，生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)顯著等特點[1-2]。人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)濕地(di)(di)污(wu)(wu)水處(chu)理系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)作為一種(zhong)投資低、能耗低、運行(xing)費(fei)(fei)低、生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)高(gao)的(de)(de)治理工(gong)(gong)(gong)程技術而受到廣泛(fan)歡迎[3]。

2 人工濕地污水處理機理

人工濕地(di)(di)污水處(chu)理技術是由(you)人工建(jian)造(zao)以及(ji)監督控制下利(li)用濕地(di)(di)系(xi)統(tong)凈化污水，利(li)用生(sheng)(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)中物(wu)(wu)理、化學和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的協同作用，通過過濾、沉(chen)淀、離子交(jiao)換、吸附、微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)分解和(he)(he)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)吸收從而實現高效(xiao)凈化污水。人工濕地(di)(di)系(xi)統(tong)應(ying)包括具備(bei)一(yi)定過水能力(li)的基質(zhi)層、可在處(chu)于(yu)水飽和(he)(he)及(ji)厭氧(yang)狀態的基質(zhi)層中生(sheng)(sheng)長的植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)、無脊(ji)椎動物(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)脊(ji)椎動物(wu)(wu)、好氧(yang)和(he)(he)厭氧(yang)微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)、可在基質(zhi)層中或基質(zhi)表面(mian)流(liu)動的水流(liu)5 個要素[4]。

2.1 人工濕(shi)地中基(ji)質的作用

基(ji)質(zhi)又稱濾料(liao)、填料(liao)，由土壤、細沙、粗沙、礫石、沸石、灰渣或碎瓦(wa)片等構成，既能(neng)為(wei)植物(wu)和微(wei)生物(wu)提供生長介質(zhi)，還能(neng)通(tong)過過濾、沉淀和吸附作用直接清除(chu)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)。自由表(biao)面流(liu)濕地(di)多(duo)以自然土壤為(wei)基(ji)質(zhi)，在考慮便于取(qu)材、經濟(ji)適用等因(yin)素下水平潛流(liu)和垂直潛流(liu)濕地(di)會根據特(te)征污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)的不同(tong)而(er)選(xuan)擇不同(tong)基(ji)質(zhi)，一般以去除(chu)氨(an)氮(dan)、總磷和化學需氧量為(wei)目標。

2.2 人(ren)工(gong)濕地中水生植物的作用

水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)可利用(yong)光合作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)合成(cheng)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)，為異養(yang)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)提(ti)供(gong)能量。大型(xing)水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)繁殖速度快(kuai)，在光源(yuan)、水(shui)、營(ying)(ying)養(yang)充足的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件下，將(jiang)占(zhan)據主(zhu)導(dao)地(di)(di)位，其還具(ju)有(you)(you)較(jiao)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分解和(he)(he)轉化有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)及其他物(wu)(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能力(li)。大型(xing)水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)具(ju)有(you)(you)穩固(gu)地(di)(di)床表(biao)面、提(ti)供(gong)較(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)理(li)過濾條(tiao)件、為微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長提(ti)供(gong)表(biao)面支(zhi)撐(cheng)、防止冬季濕(shi)地(di)(di)表(biao)面凍結、暢通垂直(zhi)流動系(xi)統(tong)(tong)等方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，因而成(cheng)為人(ren)工濕(shi)地(di)(di)不可缺少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組成(cheng)部(bu)分。人(ren)工濕(shi)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類型(xing)決定了濕(shi)地(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新陳(chen)代謝對(dui)處(chu)理(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)通過光合作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)和(he)(he)根系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滲透(tou)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，將(jiang)氧(yang)傳(chuan)輸到根圈介(jie)質，增(zeng)強了有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好氧(yang)分解和(he)(he)氨態氮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硝化作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。但植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)對(dui)營(ying)(ying)養(yang)物(wu)(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸收僅在負荷率(lv)較(jiao)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)由(you)表(biao)面流人(ren)工濕(shi)地(di)(di)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)起重要作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。人(ren)工濕(shi)地(di)(di)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)可以(yi)分為浮水(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)、挺(ting)水(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)沉水(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。目前所指的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)工濕(shi)地(di)(di)一般都(dou)是挺(ting)水(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。浮水(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)主(zhu)要用(yong)于氮、磷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)去(qu)除，沉水(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)主(zhu)要用(yong)于初(chu)級(ji)處(chu)理(li)和(he)(he)二級(ji)處(chu)理(li)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深度處(chu)理(li)。

2.3 人工(gong)濕地(di)中微生(sheng)物的作用

微(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)主要用于(yu)降解污水中的(de)(de)有(you)機質(zhi)、氮和磷。只有(you)運用微(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)的(de)(de)誘發變異特性，培(pei)育馴(xun)化優勢菌才(cai)能去除(chu)難降解的(de)(de)有(you)機物(wu)質(zhi)和有(you)毒物(wu)質(zhi)[5]。

3 棗莊市人工濕地處理(li)技術在生態修復(fu)工程(cheng)中(zhong)的應用(yong)現狀

3.1 棗(zao)莊市人工濕(shi)地建(jian)設情況

南(nan)水北調東線工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)山東段控制(zhi)單元治(zhi)污方案項目中包括(kuo)3 個人(ren)工(gong)(gong)濕(shi)地項目：城(cheng)郭河(he)流域人(ren)工(gong)(gong)濕(shi)地水質凈化工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、界河(he)入湖口濕(shi)地工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、小季(ji)河(he)濕(shi)地工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。

（1）城(cheng)郭河入湖口濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)包括3 個(ge)子項目，即城(cheng)郭河人(ren)工(gong)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)水(shui)質凈(jing)化工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，郭河滿莊、付樓人(ren)工(gong)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)水(shui)質凈(jing)化工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，城(cheng)郭河人(ren)工(gong)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)退(tui)耕還濕(shi)(shi)(shi)項目，建成濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)81.07 hm2。（2）界河入湖口濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)位(wei)于滕州市濟微路崗(gang)頭橋西，采用表面流(liu)與河道走(zou)廊(lang)結合的方(fang)式，建成濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)93.80 hm2。

（3）小季河(he)人工(gong)濕地水質凈(jing)化工(gong)程位于(yu)臺兒莊(zhuang)(zhuang)區邳莊(zhuang)(zhuang)鎮小季河(he)季莊(zhuang)(zhuang)至趙村(cun)段東(dong)岸，采(cai)用橡膠壩(ba)、河(he)道滯留塘和(he)表面流濕地相結(jie)合(he)的(de)方式，設計(ji)面積85.75 hm2。

3.2 人工濕地對水質改善和生態(tai)修復情況(kuang)

人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)濕地(di)的(de)水(shui)力負(fu)(fu)荷(he)2 cm/d， 氨(an)氮(dan)去(qu)除負(fu)(fu)荷(he)為0.10g/（m2·d）、CODcr去(qu)除負(fu)(fu)荷(he)為1.2 g/（m2·d）、水(shui)力停(ting)留(liu)的(de)時間為50 d。進水(shui)口和(he)出(chu)水(shui)口監測(ce)表明：化學需氧量和(he)總磷，平均去(qu)除效率分(fen)別為76%和(he)78%，人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)濕地(di)對氨(an)氮(dan)除效果(guo)相對較低，平均去(qu)除效率分(fen)別為53%。出(chu)水(shui)水(shui)質CODcr≤20 mg/L；氨(an)氮(dan)≤1.0 mg/L，基本達(da)到地(di)表水(shui)Ⅲ類(lei)水(shui)標(biao)準(zhun)。人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)濕地(di)對生態修(xiu)復(fu)為水(shui)禽提(ti)供了豐富的(de)食物來源，繁茂的(de)植(zhi)物群叢為水(shui)禽提(ti)供棲息(xi)繁殖所必需的(de)安全(quan)空間，增加河流(liu)入河口的(de)生物多(duo)樣(yang)性和(he)生態系統(tong)的(de)穩定性，調(diao)節了當地(di)小氣候。

4 結語

人(ren)工(gong)濕地(di)(di)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)系(xi)統作為一(yi)種(zhong)投資(zi)低、能耗低、運行費用(yong)低、生態環境效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)高的(de)(de)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)治理(li)凈化(hua)工(gong)程，其發展(zhan)和應(ying)用(yong)能夠(gou)獲得(de)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)與資(zi)源化(hua)的(de)(de)最佳效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)。因此，具有較(jiao)高的(de)(de)環境效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)、經濟效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)及社會效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)，人(ren)工(gong)濕地(di)(di)處(chu)理(li)技術在污(wu)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)生態修(xiu)復(fu)工(gong)程中表(biao)現了極大的(de)(de)修(xiu)復(fu)發展(zhan)潛力。

5 參考文獻

[1] 宋志(zhi)文，畢學軍，曹軍.人工濕地及其在我國小(xiao)城市污水處理中的應用[J].生態學雜志(zhi)，2003，22（3）：74-78.

[2] 孟盼盼，劉淑娟，蔣(jiang)躍平.人工濕地及其在污(wu)水處理中(zhong)的應用研究(jiu)[J].山(shan)東農業大(da)學(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)報：自(zi)然科(ke)學(xue)(xue)版(ban)，2010，41（3）：375-379.

[3] 籍國東(dong)，孫鐵珩，李(li)順.人工濕地及其(qi)在工業廢水處理中(zhong)的(de)應(ying)用[J].應(ying)用生態(tai)學(xue)報，2002，13（2）：224-228.

[4] 趙(zhao)志強.人工濕地處理技術在農(nong)村污水處理中(zhong)的應用[J].現代農(nong)業科(ke)技，2011（1）：294-299.

[5] 吳曉(xiao)磊.人工濕地廢水處理機理[J].環境(jing)科(ke)學(xue)，1995，16（3）：83-86.

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