脈沖電磁閥
脈沖電磁閥由核爆炸和非核電磁脈沖彈爆炸而產生。核爆炸產生的電磁脈沖稱為核電磁脈沖，任何在地面以上爆炸的核武器都會產生電磁脈沖，能量大約占核爆炸總能量的百萬分之一，頻率從幾百赫到幾兆赫。非核電磁脈沖彈則利用爆炸或化學燃料燃燒產生的能量，通過微波器件轉換成高功率微波輻射能，能發射峰值功率在吉瓦以上、頻率為1吉赫～300吉赫的脈沖微波束，在裸露的導電體上急劇產生數千伏的瞬變電壓，對大量電子設備造成無法挽回的損壞。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)脈(mo)沖(chong)防護(hu)(hu)(hu)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)與雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)防護(hu)(hu)(hu)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)基本相(xiang)同(tong)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)9.5毫米(mi)厚鋼(gang)板或4毫米(mi)厚銅板做成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屏(ping)(ping)(ping)蔽(bi)罩(zhao)，可以(yi)提供很(hen)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總體屏(ping)(ping)(ping)蔽(bi)效(xiao)(xiao)能。但是，這種(zhong)屏(ping)(ping)(ping)蔽(bi)會由(you)于(yu)存在檢修門和(he)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜、連接(jie)器、開關等使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小孔而(er)減弱(ruo)，這樣就必須(xu)(xu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)襯(chen)墊密(mi)封孔隙。如(ru)果必須(xu)(xu)開孔通(tong)氣，則應使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)各種(zhong)屏(ping)(ping)(ping)蔽(bi)柵把(ba)大孔分(fen)成許(xu)多(duo)小孔，孔與孔之間相(xiang)交的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)(fang)必須(xu)(xu)熔合(he)，以(yi)便確保最佳(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屏(ping)(ping)(ping)蔽(bi)效(xiao)(xiao)果。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜必須(xu)(xu)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)整體防護(hu)(hu)(hu)材料，最好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜防護(hu)(hu)(hu)材料是管道(dao)之類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)固體材料。在協助降低(di)易(yi)損性方(fang)(fang)面，合(he)適的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)地(di)線(xian)路也很(hen)重要。若數(shu)(shu)據傳(chuan)輸率(lv)低(di)，可采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)濾(lv)波(bo)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)抑制瞬時效(xiao)(xiao)應。若只靠(kao)濾(lv)波(bo)不(bu)足以(yi)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)脈(mo)沖(chong)降到(dao)安(an)全水平，則需使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)防護(hu)(hu)(hu)性抑制器，例(li)如(ru)齊納二極管。當前，國(guo)外(wai)指揮通(tong)信(xin)系(xi)統防電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)脈(mo)沖(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具體方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)主(zhu)要有：選(xuan)取最佳(jia)元器件；使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)易(yi)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)脈(mo)沖(chong)影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)元件，如(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子管等；在連接(jie)器上安(an)裝(zhuang)濾(lv)波(bo)器；使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)外(wai)部(bu)防護(hu)(hu)(hu)元器件保護(hu)(hu)(hu)預先包裝(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路；使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)引線(xian)防護(hu)(hu)(hu)裝(zhuang)置；使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)分(fen)離濾(lv)波(bo)器，將耦合(he)頻率(lv)限(xian)(xian)制在很(hen)窄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頻帶內；采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)自動增益控制與增益限(xian)(xian)制技術；使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)特種(zhong)濾(lv)波(bo)器；使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路隔離技術隔離電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瞬變現象；屏(ping)(ping)(ping)蔽(bi)和(he)接(jie)地(di)；重新設計分(fen)系(xi)統；探測由(you)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)脈(mo)沖(chong)干擾而(er)出現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)據錯誤，并拒絕(jue)這些(xie)數(shu)(shu)據。
膜(mo)片把(ba)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)脈(mo)沖(chong)閥(fa)分為前后(hou)(hou)(hou)二個(ge)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)，接(jie)通清(qing)潔(jie)壓(ya)縮空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)，壓(ya)縮空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)通過節流孔(kong)，進入后(hou)(hou)(hou)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)，此時(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)的壓(ya)力將膜(mo)片緊貼閥(fa)的出(chu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)口，電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)閥(fa)處(chu)于關(guan)(guan)閉(bi)狀(zhuang)態，脈(mo)沖(chong)控制儀(yi)輸出(chu)信號，使銜鐵移動(dong)，閥(fa)后(hou)(hou)(hou)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)放氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)打開，后(hou)(hou)(hou)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)迅速失壓(ya)，使膜(mo)片后(hou)(hou)(hou)移，壓(ya)縮空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)通過閥(fa)的出(chu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)口噴(pen)吹，電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)閥(fa)處(chu)于開啟狀(zhuang)態噴(pen)吹開始，脈(mo)沖(chong)控制儀(yi)輸出(chu)信號消失，電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)脈(mo)沖(chong)閥(fa)銜鐵復位，后(hou)(hou)(hou)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)放氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)關(guan)(guan)閉(bi)，后(hou)(hou)(hou)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)壓(ya)力升高使膜(mo)片緊貼閥(fa)的出(chu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)口電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)脈(mo)沖(chong)閥(fa)處(chu)于關(guan)(guan)閉(bi)狀(zhuang)態，噴(pen)吹停止，噴(pen)吹時(shi)間(jian)的長短氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)量大(da)小被控制儀(yi)所控制。
